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2010 redistricting of French legislative constituencies
The Constitutional Council of France approved the redistricting of electoral boundaries in February 2010 to reflect France's changing demographics. The population ratio between the most populated and least populated constituencies was reduced from the 1986 redistricting results of 1:3.6 to 1:2. In effect, the number of seats increased in areas held by the center right coalition led by Union for a Popular Movement at the expense of the Socialist-led coalition.
== Demographic differences ==
Since the last redistricting effort in 1986, 577 constituencies of the National Assembly of France have been distributed among the Departments of France. In France, constituencies are divided in proportion to their population, based on 1986 census figures, each consisted of 108,000 inhabitants. In theory, the number of total constituencies located within a département is supposed to be proportional to the larger population within that département compared to the total population of France. (In total, there are 101 départements, which are grouped into 22 metropolitan and five overseas regions.) However, using French Republican tradition, each département must have at least two constituencies regardless of population. This, however, distorts the proportionality of national representation, with 23 départements being under-represented (including 5 of "two deputies" départements) and 28 départements over-represented. Effectively, 51 out of 101 départements were poorly represented based on the results of the most recent census.
For instance, judging by representation in the National Assembly, the vote of someone in Lozère is worth more than three times the vote of someone in Bouches-du-Rhône; three votes in Saône-et-Loire is worth five votes in Réunion; and three votes in Moselle is equivalent to five Haute-Garonne. The 25 most populous départementswhich together hold more than 50% of the French populationhave one deputy in the National Assembly for every 114,512 inhabitants, while the 25 least populated départements have one deputy for every 80,220 inhabitants. This results in a ratio between the most and the least populated of 143 to 100, or, five residents for the smaller départements are worth seven resident in the major départements. The situation is exacerbated by demographic trends in the 1990s and their resulting disparities within départements. For example, in the Var, the population of the 1st constituency (the southern city of Toulon) was 73,946 inhabitants while that of the 6th constituency (Brignoles) was 180,153 inhabitants, resulting in a ratio of 1 to 2.44. These causes result in the most extreme expression of representational inequality, where the votes of two people living in the least-populated constituency of France (excluding overseas communities), Lozère’s 2nd constituency, weigh as much as eleven people in the most populous constituency, Val-d'Oise’s 2nd constituency.
In observations made in May 2003 regarding the 2002 parliamentary elections as well as in July 2005 relating the presidential and parliamentary elections of 2007, the Constitutional Council highlighted the need to reshape electoral constituencies to better align with the principle of equal suffrage. The Council found disparities in representation resulting from the boundaries that were adopted in 1986 on the basis of population figures from the census of 1982. According to the Council, the constituencies were "incompatible with the combined clauses of Article 6 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 and Articles 3 and 24 of the Constitution of France," even though two national censuses took place in 1990 and 1999. However, the successive governments of Lionel Jospin, Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Dominique de Villepin and François Fillon did not alter electoral boundaries, despite the legal requirement of Law No. 86-825 as well as the recommendations of the Constitutional Council of France. Thus, even the French legislative elections of 2007 used conscriptions defined based on the results of the 1982 census and had not incorporated the changes in population occurring in the intervening 25 years. The 2008 election of senators used the same 1982 population numbers, but the impact is not as pronounced in the French Senate (''Sénat''), as its function is to represent local governments and not the population as a whole.
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